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Passow Christian Donner Reik V. 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2020,34(1):87-102
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment - Impact models are a major source of information for quantifying the consequences of future climate change for humans and the environment. To... 相似文献
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Varved sediments of Lake Yoa (Ounianga Kebir,Chad) reveal progressive drying of the Sahara during the last 6100 years 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pierre Francus Hans von Suchodoletz Michael Dietze Reik V. Donner Frédéric Bouchard Ann‐Julie Roy Maureen Fagot Stefan Kröpelin 《Sedimentology》2013,60(4):911-934
The sedimentological and geochemical properties of a 7·47 m long laminated sequence from hypersaline Lake Yoa in northern Chad have been investigated, representing a unique, continuous 6100 year long continental record of climate and environmental change in the eastern Central Sahara. These data were used to reconstruct the Mid to Late Holocene history of this currently hyper‐arid region, in order to address the question of whether the Mid Holocene environmental transition from a humid to a dry Sahara was progressive or abrupt. This study involved a suite of analyses, including petrographic and scanning electron microscope examination of thin sections, X‐ray diffraction, X‐radiography, granulometry, loss on ignition and magnetic susceptibility. The potential of micro‐X‐ray fluorescence core scanning was tested at very high resolution. Detailed microscopic investigation revealed the sedimentary processes responsible for the formation of the fine laminations, identified the season during which they were formed, and confirmed their annually rhythmic nature. High‐resolution X‐ray fluorescence core scanning allowed the distinction of each individual lamination over the entire record, opening new perspectives for the study of finely laminated sediment sequences. Geochemical and mineralogical data reveal that, due to decreasing monsoon rainfall combined with continuous and strong evaporation, the hydrologically open and fresh Mid Holocene Lake Yoa slowly evolved into the present‐day hypersaline brine depleted in calcium, which has existed for about the past 1050 years. During the oldest part of the investigated period, Lake Yoa probably contained a permanently stratified lower water column that was nevertheless disrupted relatively frequently by mixing events. Deep‐water anoxia became more stable because of increased salinity‐driven density stratification. In parallel, the sediment grain‐size proxies record a progressive increase of aeolian input in the course of the last 6100 years. Altogether, all geochemical and sedimentological indicators point to a progressive drying of the eastern Central Sahara, strengthening previous conclusions based on palaeoecological indicators. 相似文献
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Ground cracks in Ethiopian Rift Valley: facts and uncertainties 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
No accurate relationship has been obtained in this study between ground cracks in Ethiopian Rift Valley and the most common causes of earth fissures such as aquifer-system compaction and increased horizontal seepage stresses. This is due to the fact that the level of groundwater withdrawal responsible for these processes is still negligible in Ethiopia. If aquifer-system compaction and increased horizontal seepage stresses have a certain role, then it should be through the long-term effect of groundwater flow from basins to neighboring lakes. The ground cracks appeared also not to have a direct link with active faulting or distant earthquakes. Structurally, the Ethiopian Rift Valley is dominated by NE–SW-trending tensional faults, but no evidence is obtained in this study to associate the process of surface cracking with major tectonics. However, an aseismic elastic strain, which originates at depth and propagates upward through sediments without the formation of bedrock faults, could result in conditions conducive to the development of cracks. Then, fissures might ultimately be created after heavy rainfalls by near-surface processes such as piping and hydrocompaction along water-line sources. 相似文献
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Residuelle Spannungen in quarzreichen Gesteinen Röntgendiffraktometrische Messung und Erklärungsmöglichkeiten ihrer Entstehung 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Zusammenfassung Röntgen-Diffraktionsmethoden werden auf dem Gebiet der Metallurgie und Materialforschung in der Keramik seit langem benutzt, um innere Spannungen zu ermitteln, die in vielen Produkten als Folge technologischer Prozesse, wie Schweißen, Rollen, Schleifen, Gießen, Sintern oder dem Härten metallischer Werkstücke, zurückbleiben.Die Anwendung der Methode auf quarzreiche Gesteine — Quarzite und Sandsteine — hat ergeben, daß auch in solchen natürlichen Mineralaggregaten residuelle Spannungen im mikroskopischen Bereich vorhanden sind. Diese Spannungen werden durch Zerstören der Bindungen zwischen Matrix und Korn der Sandsteine abgebaut. Es handelt sich deshalb um in den Mineralaggregaten gespeicherte elastische Formänderungsenergie.Geometrische Zusammenhänge zwischen den Hauptspannungsrichtungen der inneren Spannungen in Quarzkörnern von Siltsteinen und den geologischen Strukturen, denen die Proben entnommen wurden, deuten darauf hin, daß die residuellen Spannungen eine Folge syntektonischer Zementations- und Rekristallisationsprozesse sind.In Modellversuchen ließ sich die Entstehung residueller Spannungen von diesem Typus gut veranschaulichen. Daneben zeigen diese Versuche auch sehr deutlich das in der Entlastungsphase infolge innerer Spannungen entstehende Mikrorißgefüge, das eine Zugfestigkeits- und Steifigkeitsanisotropie des Materials bewirkt.
X-ray diffraction has long been used in Metallurgie and Material Science to determine residual stresses existing in many technological products as a result of processes like welding, hot pressing or heat treatment for example.The use of the X-ray diffraction method in the study of quartzose rocks revealed that residual stresses exist in these natural mineral aggregates at the microscopic level. This internal stress is relieved when the bonds between matrix and grains of the sandstone samples are severed.Geometrical relations existing between directions of largest compression of the quartz grains in siltstone rocks and the geological structures from which the rock samples were extracted, indicate that the residual strains are a cause of de-stressing after a phase of syntectonic cementation or recrystallization processes. The development of residual strain in these rocks can qualitatively be demonstrated in model tests. These tests also indicate, how microcracks and the resulting anisotropy in strength and material stiffness develop in the unloading phase as a result of internal strain in the mineral aggregate.
Résumé En métallurgie et dans l'industrie de la céramique on utilise les méthodes diffractométriques par rayons X pour découvrir des tensions internes résiduaires dans les métaux au cours des procédés technologiques comme la soudure, la trempe, le polissage, le moulage de fonderie.Il résulte de l'application de la méthode à des roches riches en quartz que, même dans les aggrégats naturels de cette sorte, des tensions résiduelles existent à l'échelle microscopique. Ces tensions sont résorbées dans les grés à la suite de la destruction des liaisons entre la matrice et le grain. Il s'agit donc ici d'une énergie de déformation élastique dans les aggrégats minéraux.La liaison géométrique entre les structure géologiques où les spécimens ont été pris, et les directions principales des tensions dans les grains de quartz, montre distinctement que les tensions résiduelles sont un résultat des processus syntectoniques de recristallisation et de cimentation. Dans les essais avec modèles, l'origine des tensions résiduelles de ce type se laisse très bien saisir. En outre ces essais montrent aussi très clairement la structure en microcassures due à des tensions internes engendrées lors de la phase de décharge, et qui influence l'anisotropie du matériau relative à sa cohésion et à sa rigidité.
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Lulseged Ayalew Dietmar Moeller Gerhard Reik 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2009,27(6):713-728
Road construction in the Blue Nile basin is largely determined by geotechnical factors. The area is characterized by steep
slopes and has a history of landsliding. The geological formations range from Mesozoic sedimentary to Tertiary volcanic rocks
making the stratigraphic makeup sensitive to deformation and failure. The heterogeneity of these rocks also means it is difficult
to depend on results of stability analyses alone for road design and construction. As an alternative, ratios of cut-slope
lengths to cut-slope heights have been developed in this study based on the performances of unsupported natural and artificial
cuts and some stability analyses. Hence, road cuts on cliffs of hard rocks need a horizontal to vertical ratio of 0.25:1.
Slopes made up of weak rocks can remain stable at a threshold angle of 45°. For heterogeneous slopes, it is advisable to use
different road cuts depending on material makeup, and the degree of weathering and consolidation. 相似文献
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Envisat ASAR的区域森林-非森林制图 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
凌飞龙 李增元 陈尔学 黄燕平 田昕 SCHMULLIUS Christin LEITERER Reik REICHE Johannes SANTORO Maurizio 《遥感学报》2012,16(5):1100-1113
Envisat卫星ASAR传感器的双极化数据对区域森林监测十分有效。通过分别采用SRTM DEM和Landsat TM图像对地形起伏区域和平坦区域的SAR图像进行地理编码,发展了一种SAR图像自动预处理方法。基于冬季单时相ASAR数据的HH(水平发射,水平接收)、HV(水平发射,垂直接收)极化比值和HV极化图像,提出了一种面向对象的森林-非森林分类方法。将之应用于中国东北森林/非森林制图,分类总体精度、森林用户精度和生产者精度分别为83.7%,85.6%和75.7%。结果表明,本文提出的方法十分适合区域森林-非森林制图的业务化运行。 相似文献
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Recently, complex network approaches to time series analysis have been developed and successfully applied to geophysical records.
In this paper, the visibility graph approach is re-considered, which has been found useful as an alternative tool for describing
the fractal properties of a time series. The interpretation of various graph-theoretical measures in the context of visibility
graphs, their mutual interdependence, and their sensitivity in the presence of missing values and uncertainties (posing typical
challenges in geophysical time series analysis) are thoroughly discussed. The obtained results are illustrated for some exemplary
records from different fields of geosciences. 相似文献
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